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General History
of North America - Dewey 970


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General history of North America -
Dewey 970


GENERAL HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
OF NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PEOPLES [languages *]


  1. In the Days of the Ancient Ones *
  2. Ice Age, Beringia, Paleo-Indians (c. 40,000 - 10,000 B.C./B.C.E.) *
  3. Paleo-Indian * (Clovis) People (15,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E.)
  4. Woodland Period * in North America (10,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E.)
  5. Moundbuilders * of the southeastern United States area
  6. Anasazi * Culture of the southwestern United States (c. 700 - 1100)

  7. Overall Online * Native American resources

  8. North American Native Linguistic * Peoples
    • Inuit and Aleut *
    • Athapascan *
    • Algonquin *
    • Muskogean *
    • Caddoan *
    • Iroquois *
    • Uto-Aztecan/Tanoan *
    • Siouan *
    • Yuman *
    • Pomo *
    • Mangue *
    • Matagalpan *
    • Other Languages *


EARLY EXPLORATIONS TO 1599 (Dewey 970.01)


YOU WILL FIND:

Pre-Columbian * | Columbus * | Spanish and Portuguese * | English * | French * | Other nations *


Earliest history to 1492 including pre-Columbian claims (Dewey 970.011)

Discoveries by Columbus


  • c. 1492 - By the time Italian explorer Cristoforo Colombo (commonly anglicized to Christopher Columbus) and his crew arrive in America, more than 300 nations of Native Americans are established in all parts of North America, each with its own name, language, traditions and government. Columbus mistakenly calls them "Indians." This error is continued by later European colonists.
  • First voyage, 1492-1493 - Bahamas (Watling Island), Cuba, the Azores [Arawak conflict]
  • Second voyage, 1493-1496 - Hispaniola (Haiti), Jamaica [Arawak/Carib conflict]
  • Third voyage, 1498-1500 - Trinidad, Paria Peninsula (Venezuela)
  • Fourth voyage, 1502-1504 - Traded with the Guaymis of Costa Rica; Santa Maria de Belen trading post on the Isthmus of Panama, to Jamaica


Spanish and Portuguese explorers * to 1599
[navigation schools * and caravels *


  • c. 1500 - Native Americans in the Florida and Mississippi areas reach high artistic skill in wood carving, ceramics and ornaments of sheet mica.
  • c. 1500 - European diseases begin ravaging natives of North America
  • 1500 - 1509 - - Indian tribes on the Southern Atlantic coast begin to hear about a strange people with beards and white skin.
  • 1500 - Pedro Alvares Cabral * (1460?-1526?) reached the southern part of Brazil * [Tupi Indian conflict] in his caravel *. He later went to India. *
  • 1501-1504 - Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) sailed with Goncalo Coelho to the Brazil area.
  • 1508 - Juan Ponce de Leon (1460?-1521) conquered Puerto Rico; 1513 - searching for the Fountain of Youth, traveled from Puerto Rico to Florida [native * conflict] discovering the Gulf Stream and the Yucatan peninsula
  • 1508 - Juan Diaz de Solis (1470?-1516) and Vicente Pinzon searched the east coast of South America.
  • 1509 - Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1519) explored the Isthmus of Panama region and reached the Pacific Ocean
  • 1513 - On his first voyage to what is now Florida, Spanish explorer, Juan Ponce de Leon explores the coast but is driven away by Calusa natives in war canoes.
  • 1517 - Francisco Fernandez de Cordoba searched the Gulf of Mexico looking for Indian slaves and finding the wealth of the Yucatan peninsula

  • 1519 - Hernando Cortes (1485-1547) - from Cuba to Mexico marching to Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire, where he took Montezuma prisoner.
  • 1535-1536 - Cortes sailed north from Mexico claiming Baja California

  • 1519-1520 - Ferdinand Magellan (1480?-1521) - This Portuguese navigator sailed for Spanish king along the east coast of South America and discovered the Strait of Magellan landing near present Rio de Janeiro. Saw a mountain and cried out, "Monet video!") ("I see a mountain!") which is how the capital of Uruguay was named. Reached Patagonia.
  • 1520 - Joao Alvarez Fagundes, sailing for the Spanish king, reached Penguin Island after rounding the Newfoundland coast. Gathered now extinct auks.
  • 1523 - A Spanish expedition to Americas southern coast (South Carolina) return to Spain with a captured American Indian they call Francisco de Chicora.
  • 1525 - Estban Gomez, a Spanish-Portuguese explorer, travels the coasts of Nova Scotia and Maine. He kidnaps Native Americans as slaves.
  • 1524 - Francisco Pizarro (1470?-1541) and his two ships sailed from Panama along the Pacific coast of present-day Colombia, Peru [Inca conflicts with Atahualpa in 1533]
  • 1528 - The Karankawa Indians of what is now Texas, capture de Vaca and other survivors of a Spanish shipwreck. The captives eventually escape overland to California. [Pre-contact * California tribal territories]
  • 1537 - Pope Paul III recognizes that Native Americans are "truly men" with the right to freedom and property.
  • 1538-1543 - Hernando de Soto (1500?-1542) - sailed from Spain to Florida marching for four years with his army through southeastern North America and crossing the Appalachian Mountains, exploring Mobile Bay, the Yazoo Delta, and Oklahoma and dying along the way while his group went on down the Mississippi River across the Gulf of Mexico to Rio Panuco. He establishes the first contacts with several Muskogean tribes, and with the powerful Cherokees. De Soto leads the first armed conflict of Europeans against Native Americans, in what is now Alabama. [see: Trail of * Tears, 1838]
  • 1539 - Priest Marcos de Niza and the African guide, Estevanico, in search of the legendary Seven Cities of Cibola, contact the Zuni tribe of what is now New Mexico. The Zunis kill Esevanico; de Niza returns to Mexico and continues the legend of the existence of rich cities to the north. [Reached present-day the Arizona-New Mexico region.]
  • Lectures of Francisco de Vitoria in Spain advocate that Native Americans are free men exempt from slavery.
  • 1540 - Reports from Spanish explorations in the American Southwest mention "Querechos,""Teyas,""and Paducahs," Indian tribes who, unlike the pueblo dwellers, live in tents made of animal skins and hunt buffalo.
  • 1540 - 1542 - Francisco Vasquez de Coronado traveled across the southwest looking for the Seven Cities of Cibola finding Zuni pueblos. [Utes * | maps * | 1868 * map | Colorado * reservation | World War II Navajo code talkers]
  • 1550 - 1559 - Pensacola Indians of western Florida resist a Spanish attempt led by Tristan de Luna to establish a colony at what is now Pensacola Bay.
  • 1568 - Jesuits organize a school in Havana, Cuba, for Native American children brought from Florida. This is the first missionary school for Native North Americans.
  • 1581 - In their exploration of New Mexico, Spanish explorers visit Zuni and Piro pueblos. The Pueblo Indians attack and kill those coming to convert them.
  • 1590 - 1599 - - Despite Indian resistance, Juan de Onate's expedition takes possession of the Pueblo region of New Mexico.
  • 1600 - Members of the Franciscan order from Mexico establish missions in Hopi areas (now Arizona and New Mexico)
  • c. 1600 - 1700 - Use of horses spreads from Indian tribes in Mexico through the Southwest into America's Great Plains
  • 1608 - A visitor to Durango, Mexico, reports that Native Americans there have horses
  • 1616 - Spanish missions are established in what is now Georgia for the conversion of Guale Indians.
  • 1618 - Fifty missions are established in Florida and 16,000 Indians are baptized.
  • 1661 - Spanish posts in what are now Georgia and South Carolina are attacked by Indians. Missions north of the Savannah River are subsequently abandoned.
  • 1687 - Members of the Yamasee tribe revolt against Spanish rule in Florida and Georgia and flee north.
  • 1695 - The first Pima uprising against Spanish dominance takes place in the American Southwest.


English exploration to 1599 (Dewey 970.017)


  • 1497 - John Cabot [Giovani Caboto] (1450-1498) - Henry VII's letter of patent - "to seeke out, discover, and finde whatsoever iles, countreyes, regions, or provinces of the heathen and infidelles . . . in what part of the world soever they bee." [Grand Bank; Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland] Sought Cipango (Japan) in 1498 but never returned.
  • c. 1500 - European diseases begin ravaging natives of North America
  • 1500 - 1509 - - Indian tribes on the Southern Atlantic coast begin to hear about a strange people with beards and white skin.
  • 1576 - Martin Frobisher (1535?-1594) left England looking for the Northwest Passage using an Arctic route. Reached Greenland. Met Eskimos. Discovered Frobisher Bay (later named for him) and Resolution Island.
  • 1577 - Frobisher took Baffin Island and had conflicts with the Eskimos.
  • 1578 - 1579 - - English adventurer, Francis Drake, explores the California coast, where he encounters the Coast Miwok, a Penutian tribe of north-central California, who occupy a large part of the region that is now Marin and Sonoma counties.
  • 1585 - 1586 - - Maneo and Wanchese, two Algonquin Indians from North Carolina, are taken to England and eventually serve as interpreters for British colonists.
  • 1587 - The first Native American is baptized in the Church of England.
  • 1620 - English colonists in Virginia establish a school to try to convert Native Americans there to Christianity. The school is destroyed by Native Americans in 1622.


French exploration to 1599 (Dewey 970.018)


  • 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazano * (1485?-1528?) [image] left France seeking a westward route to Cathay and reached Cape Fear (North Carolina), New York Bay, Block Island, Narragansett * Bay. [Verrazano Narrows * Bridge south of New York Bay] (Wampanoag * and Narragansett * contact)

  • 1534 voyage - Jacques Cartier * (1491-1557) sailed to the Americas for gold and a northwest passage to the Orient. Reached Newfoundland finding evidence * of fishermen from other areas and discovered Prince Edward * Island, Anticosti Island, the Gaspe Peninsula (Micmac *), Jacques Cartier Passage, Chaleur Bay [conflict with Donnacona, the Huron * chief]
  • 1535-1536 voyage - Cartier * explored the St. Lawrence River to Hochelaga (now Montreal); wintered at Stadacona (Quebec City)
  • 1609 - Samuel de Champlain (1567?-1635), with a party that includes 2 Frenchmen and about 60 Native Americans, heads down the St. Lawrence River. Near Ticonderoga, his group encounters approximately 200 Iroquois. The Iroquois, who have never seen firearms, flee. [Huron contact 1611 * wampum * belt | 1635 Father Jean de Brebeuf * letter of trading relations | wampum * trading]
  • 1613 - French colonists offer the Micmac tribe a bounty on scalps of Beothuk tribesmen. As a result, the Beothuks are virtually annihilated.
  • 1615 - Champlain's French and Huron forces at Lake Oneida suffer a major defeat, causing many Hurons to question the wisdom of their alliance with the French.
  • 1615 - 1630s - - The Hurons (Wyandots) have a vast trading * network. Graves from this period show goods from Mexico, the Gulf coast and the Minnesota River areas.
  • 1622 - 1631 - - French Jesuits begin missionary work among the Hurons. The Iroquois react violently to these activities by torturing and killing several missionaries and eventually destroying the Huron Confederacy.
  • 1646 - Iroquois war parties begin assaults that virtually destroy the Huron nation by 1649.
  • 1650 - The first European traders reach Ojibwa (Chippewa) territory on the southwest shore of Lake Superior.
  • 1650 - Five hundred Huron survivors of the Iroquois attacks of 1646-1649 flee to Quebec where they later are the only group to maintain Huron tribal identity.
  • 1651 - The defeat of the Neutral tribe, which is frequently friendly to the French colonists, is complete when a large village of 1,600 Neutrals is captured by the Iroquois and all adult males are killed.
  • 1653 - 1656 - - The Erie tribe is virtually annihilated by the Iroquois.
  • 1656 - Ottawa and Huron traders, accompanied by two Frenchmen, bring a large canoe fleet of furs to Montreal, thus angering the Iroquois tribes, who are their competitors in the fur trade.


Explorations by other nations to 1599 (Dewey 970.019)


  • 1626 - Peter Minuit purchases Manhattan Island from the Canarsee tribe for merchandise valued at $24 (60 Dutch guilders).
  • 1626 - Mahicans and their Dutch allies march against the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and are defeated. As a result of this defeat, Fort Orange (Albany, New York) is largely abandoned by the Dutch, except for a small military force.
  • 1640 - The beaver population is decimated in Iroquois country, and the Five Nations do not have enough furs to trade for what they need from the Dutch.
  • 1641 - In response to the killing of a farmer by Raritan Indians, Dutch authorities in New Amsterdam (New York City) offer bounties for Raritan scalps or heads. Dutch forces attack and massacre more than 100 Indians in a surprise night raid.

    EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 1600-1699 [prior * to 1600]


    SPANISH and PORTUGUESE exploration and settlement to 1699 (Dewey 970.026)
    • 1695 - The first Pima uprising against Spanish dominance takes place in the American Southwest.
    • Fort Mose in St. Augustine area as haven for enslaved Africans ( * )


    ENGLISH exploration and settlement to 1699 (Dewey 970.027)


    YOU WILL FIND:

    Virginia * | Massachusetts * | 1620 Plymouth * | pre-1630 Massachusetts Bay * | 1630 Massachusetts Bay *
    1600s Massachusetts native peoples * | Maine * | New Hampshire * | Rhode Island * | Connecticut *
    Pennsylvania * | South Carolina * | Delaware *


    VIRGINIA
    • History of * Virginia from its early Roanoke settlement in 1587.


    MASSACHUSETTS (governors *) [overall Massachusetts history by * county]


    • Preparation for settling in the Massachusetts Bay colony
      • Children's colonial * theme booklist
      • John Josselyn * (1638-1675) mapped Massachusetts Bay colony and documented the New England rarities * he discovered in a book. (see:974.402)
      • William Hubbard's * Map of New England, 1677
      • New England Ministers * - profiles (see: 974.402)
      • Map of Counties in England, * 1787
      • Map of Counties * of Massachusetts
      • Massachusetts * colonial coinage (see: 974.402)
      • English * wigwams * as seen at Pioneer Village, Salem, Massachusetts
      • Colonial diseases * - smallpox (see: 974.4640)
    • 1620 * - PLIMOTH COLONY * chronology [funded by * Merchant Adventurers]
      • English Separatist settlers at Plimoth in a fortified * town [Plymouth colony * architecture]
        • John Smith's 1614 Map of New England * was accessible to the Pilgrims who were blown off course from Virginia and settled at Plimoth colony
        • 1620 Mayflower Compact * - [additional site *]
        • Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections (*)
        • "The Landing of the Pilgrims" * painted Henry A. Bacon (1839-1912) in 1877 showing Mary Chilton stepping ashore.
          • Mary Chilton Winslow and her husband lived in Plimoth and later moved to Boston where she died. Her will and inventory * reflected the possessions of a person at that time. Her gravestone * is in King's Chapel Burying Ground.
        • William Wood's 1634 Map of Plymouth *
        • Children's colonial * theme booklist
        • Children's native peoples * in colonial times thematic booklist
        • Archives and Analysis of Plymouth Colony, 1620-1691 * including the overall material * culture as well as selected people *, selected wills *, court records and laws of the time *, maps * and landscape of the Plymouth area, and an early description *, 1620-1628, of the colony
        • Governors of Plymouth Colony (*)
        • January 13, 1629 - Charter of the Colony of New * Plymouth Granted to William Bradford
      • 1623 - Three years after the Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock, a group from that colony arrives in Gloucester Harbor while looking for favorable fishing grounds. At the present spot of Stage Fort * Park, the first fishing * stages (drying areas) are built and a small temporary settlement is established.
      • 1625-1625 - Captain Wollaston began a plantation at MOUNT WOLLASTON
        • 1637 - MERRY-MOUNT (Mount Wollaston, Quincy) - Thomas Morton * (1637) was criticized by William Bradford for revelry around the maypole.


      • 1688 - Wampanoag * contact at Plymouth with the Wampanoaga *) helping the Pilgrims overcome initial difficulties.
      • Children's native peoples * in colonial times thematic booklist
        • Plymouth and native * contact as a pre-cursor to King Philip's War
          • How were the Christian Indians caught between the warring English and the tribes supporting King Philip? ( Narrative *)
          • Think About It: In Plymouth, prior to King Philip's War, what if John Sassamon had made it home that night?
          • Defend this statement, "John Sassamon was killed because he was a Christian Indian." (Pro or Con) ( Letter * )
          • Provide evidence directly linking John Sassamon's death to the beginning of King Philip's War. ( Narrative * )
          • Think About It: How did English encroachment * of the land result in King Philip's War (1675) that provoked equally vicious attacks by both Puritans and Native Americans? ( Narrative * )
          • Successful diplomacy averts warfare. How did the English and Metacom carry on negotiations? (Narrative *)
          • How accurate are the visual documents existing about Metacom * ?
          • What do we know of the devastation of King Philip's through documentation of the capture of colonist, Mary Rowlandson *, and the concurrent killing of English and Native Americans? [Illustrations and drawings depicting Native Americans]
          • What were King Philip's views of the situation recorded by John Easton? ( Narrative * )
    • 1622 * - Thomas * Weston to WESSAGUSSET * (Weymouth) with Captain Robert Gorges arriving in 1623. They competed with the group from Plymouth that had set up fishing stages.
    • 1623 - Cape * Ann and Gloucester area - settled by immigrants from the Dorchester * Company of England with John White * and others setting up fishing stages.
    • 1626 * - SALEM [postcard * tour] [1755 * earthquake]
      • Roger * Conant settled in Salem in 1626 [Conant will * | other Essex * County wills]
      • John Endecott * will
      • Simon * Bradstreet and Anne Dudley * Bradstreet (1612-1672) [poetess *]
      • John Ward * House - * 1684 and other historic * houses of Salem
      • In the 1630s a group from Salem Town settled in Salem * Village where later in 1692 * the Salem Witch Trials * took place as young girls accused * neighbors of being witches based on "spectral evidence and examined * them." From documented * accounts, the cause was proven to be a land dispute * for a few to get the property of the accused. [Involved: Reverend Samuel Parris, Tituba, Abigail Williams, Rebecca * Nurse, Sarah Good, Giles Corey] ( 1692 map * of Salem Village)
      • 1752 - DANVERS *, formerly known as Salem Village, became a township
    • 1626 * - BEVERLY *
    • 1628 - CHARLESTOWN * (Mishawum) with Thomas Walford and John Harvard
    • 1629 - MARBLEHEAD *, Massachusetts - history with focus on their fishing stages * and the economics * of fishing stages and fisheries * in expanding the economy of Marblehead. [1704 - John Quelch * hanged as a pirate]
      • First native * inhabitants of Marblehead.
      • Shortly after Nanepashemet's death, his widow "The Squaw-Sachem" divided the area among her three sons. Needing protection from their enemies and wanting friendship, these tribes lived in peace with the English settlers for many years.
        • Wonohaguaham (later called Sagamore John), Sachem of Winnisimet, controlled present-day Charlestown, Revere, Winthrop, and Chelsea.
        • Montowampate (later called Sagamore James), Sachem of Saugus, controlled present-day Saugus, Lynn and Marblehead areas
        • Wenepoykin * (later called Sagamore George), Sachem of Naumkeag, controlled the present-day Salem-Beverly area. Because of need for protection from their enemies and a clear desire for friendship, these tribes welcomed and lived in peace with the English settlers for many years.
    • 1629 * - SAUGUS - the 1634 map * of Saugus from William Wood's "New England Prospect" and the Saugus Iron Works * (1646-1668) and how an * ironworks works

    • 1630 - MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY (John Winthrop's Fleet with the flagship, Arabella)
      • Massachusetts Bay Charter
      • 1630 * - SHAWMUT (BOSTON) - The pre-1633 Puritan planters of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who came as the Winthrop Fleet * from England to "build a city upon the hill" at Boston on the Charles River on the Shawmut * peninsula. [first governor, John * Endecott * 1659 will]
        • John Winthrop's reasons * for the Plantation in New England
        • The Great Migration: Ships to New England, 1633-1635 (*)
        • Massachusetts Bay * Portrait Gallery
        • Winthrop Fleet * of 1630 by Charles Banks was met by John Endecott * in Salem but they later went to Charlestown and then to the Shawmut * Peninsula. (Anne * Pollard as first * woman ashore)
        • English fishery and trade * aided the economy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
        • First post * office at the home of Richard Fairbanks
        • 1631 - English colonial leader Roger Williams * argues that the royal charter for Massachusetts illegally seizes * Indian tribal lands; he urges a more humane policy.
        • Robert Keaine's * economic crimes (Boston, 1639)
        • Will * and Inventory of Mary Chilton Winslow and her gravestone * in King's Chapel Burial Ground.
        • 17th * century Gravestone symbols * to recreate * your own stone. [Roger * Clap]
        • 1674 Image * of Mrs. Elizabeth * Freake and Baby Mary, Boston and Rev. Richard Mather * by John Foster [other 17th century Boston limner * works] - What did they wear?
        • 1680 - Robert * Howard House (merchant) later owned by Paul Revere
        • Mary Dyer, a follower of Anne Hutchinson who was excommunicated and banished from Massachusetts Bay colony. She went to Rhode Island with Anne Hutchinson but returned years later, was arrested, was banished again, yet again returned to the colony, when she was arrested again and * was hanged on the gallows on Boston Common as a Quaker.
        • 1675 Provisions *
        • Smallpox * - colonial disease (see: 974.4640)
        • 1690 - Notion of "the official frontier" * in the Massachusetts Bay Colony compared to the standard Puritan town
      • 1630 * - CHELSEA * (Winnisimmet) - Samuel Maverick * came to Mass. Bay on the ship of Capt. Robert Gorges and resided at Noddles Island (later East Boston).
        • 1631 - Thomas Williams would run the ferry between Winnisimmet * and Boston
      • 1630 - NEWTOWNE * (CAMBRIDGE) settled by Thomas * Dudley [governor *]
        • 1665 - Caleb Cheeshateaumuck is the first Native American to earn an A.B. degree at Harvard College.
      • 1630 * - WATERTOWN
      • 1630 - WINCHESTER
        • Wenepoykin * (Sagamore George) - a sachem * of WINCHESTER
      • 1630 * - MEDFORD
      • 1630 * - EVERETT
      • 1630 - NAHANT * [geology * of Nahant]
      • 1631 - * ROXBURY and John Elliot's First * Church and the parting * stone
      • 1633 * - BARE COVE (HINGHAM, 1635)
      • 1635 * - DEDHAM [Jonathan * Fairbanks residence]
      • 1635 * - CONCORD
      • 1636 * - AGAWAM Plantation
      • 1636 - SPRINGFIELD * - William * Pynchon founded Springfield with the deeded * land from the Agawam Indians * on the Connecticut * River after living in Dorchester, Roxbury, and then moving westward. [Springfield * firsts | Court * records]
      • 1650 * - PONKOPOAG (CANTON)
        • PONKOPOAG * Indians of CANTON and Ponkapoag Indian Deeds *
      • 1646 - The Reverend John * Eliot begins to gather Indian converts into so-called praying * towns, the most successful being * Natick * (Massachusetts). Each of the 14 "praying towns" has a school for American Indians.
      • 1661 - The first American edition of the Bible, translated by the Reverend John Eliot with Native American assistance, is in the language of the Indians of Massachusetts.
      • 1671 * - NANTUCKET *
      • 1671 * - TISBURY * (MARTHA'S VINEYARD)
      • 1671 * - EDGARTOWN (MARTHA'S VINEYARD *)
        • Aquinnah * Wampanoag * fishing of Gay Head * on Martha's Vineyard
        • Wampanoag whalers *
      • 1694 * - CHILMARK * (MARTHA'S VINEYARD)


    CONTACT WITH THE NATIVE PEOPLES IN MASSACHUSETTS


    [Villages in: Agawam, Conohasset, Magaehnak, Massachuset, Mattapoist, Mishawum, Mystic, Nahapassumkeck, Nasnocomacack, Natick, Neponset, Nonantum, Patuxent, Pocapawmet, Sagoquas, Saugus, Secacasaw (Seccasaw), Topeent, Totant, Totheet, Waranock, Wessagusset, and Winnisimmet]

    • Children's native peoples * in colonial times thematic booklist
    • A history of the Massachuset * native peoples.
    • 1616 - A smallpox epidemic devastates the Indian tribes in New England. [Wampanoag *]
    • 1620 - WAMPANOAG * contact * during the colonization of Plymouth
      • Plymouth and pre-cursor to King Philip's War
        • How were the Christian Indians caught between the warring English and the tribes supporting King Philip? ( Narrative *)
        • Think About It: In Plymouth, prior to King Philip's War, what if John Sassamon had made it home that night?
        • Defend this statement, "John Sassamon was killed because he was a Christian Indian." (Pro or Con) ( Letter * )
        • Provide evidence directly linking John Sassamon's death to the beginning of King Philip's War. ( Narrative * )
        • Think About It: How did English encroachment * of the land result in King Philip's War (1675) that provoked equally vicious attacks by both Puritans and Native Americans? ( Narrative * )
        • Successful diplomacy averts warfare. How did the English and Metacom carry on negotiations? (Narrative *)
        • How accurate are the visual documents existing about Metacom * ?
        • What do we know of the devastation of King Philip's through documentation of the capture of colonist, Mary Rowlandson *, and the concurrent killing of English and Native Americans? [Illustrations and drawings depicting Native Americans]
        • What were King Philip's views of the situation recorded by John Easton? ( Narrative * )
    • 1643 - A Protestant mission school for American Indians is established on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, by the Reverend Thomas Mayhew, Jr. *
    • 1670 - The first Protestant Indian Church is established on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts by Thomas Mayhew, Jr. *
    • 1650 * - NATICK *, Massachusetts - John Eliot and the "Praying Indians" (see: 973.22)
    • PONKOPOAG * Indians of CANTON and Ponkapoag Indian Deeds *
    • 1673 * - DEERFIELD *, Massachusetts (1704) - Native raid during French and Indian War (see: 973.22)
    • Deerfield *, Massachusetts - massacre *
    • 1683 - Topsfield - Parson Capen * House


    MAINE
    • History of Maine * from its August 10, 1622 charter through its annexation in 1652 to Massachusetts


    NEW HAMPSHIRE

    RHODE ISLAND

    MARYLAND

    CONNECTICUT

    PENNSYLVANIA

    SOUTH CAROLINA

    DELAWARE

    Explorations and settlements by other nations to 1699 (Dewey 970.029)


    1700-1799 (Dewey 970.03) [Images * of Young America]


    ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS


    1800-1899 (Dewey 970.04)
    1900- (Dewey 970.05)


    • 1900-1918 (includes World War I, 1914-1918) (Dewey 970.051)
    • 1918-1945 (includes World War II, 1939-1945) (Dewey 970.052)
    • 1945- (Dewey 970.053)
      • 1945-1949 (Dewey 970.0534)
      • 1950-1959 (Dewey 970.0535)
      • 1960-1969 (Dewey 970.0536)
      • 1970-1979 (Dewey 970.0537)
      • 1980-1989 (Dewey 970.0538)
      • 1990-1999 (Dewey 970.0539)
    Bibliographic resources include:

    The Encylopedia of North American Indian Tribes: A Comprehensive Study of Tribes from the Abitibi to the Zuni by Bill Yenne
    Through Indian Eyes: The Untold Story of Native American Peoples from Reader's Digest


    Educator is the recipient of the Miss Rumphius Award.

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