Native American Timeline - USA - InquiryUnlimited.org - formerly sited at Boston KidWeb

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United States History

Native Americans

Compliments of Inquiry Unlimited

GENERAL HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION
OF NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PEOPLES [ languages]

IN THE DAYS OF THE ANCIENT ONES

Creation stories

Ice Age, Beringia, Paleo-Indians (c. 40,000 - 10,000 B.C./B.C.E.)

Theories exist that ancestors of the Inuit (Eskimos) and American Indians start to migrate into western North America by crossing an existing frozen land bridge through the Bering Strait from Siberia. Some historians place the beginning of this migration as early as 65,000 B.C./B.C.E.

Pleistocene animals
Beringia

PALEO-INDIAN PEOPLE (15,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E.)

Paleo-Indian hunters spread throughout the North American grasslands into the American Southwest. They manufacture unique (fluted projectile) points knows as Clovis, Folsom , and Sandia, named after respective archeological sites in New Mexico. These Clovis people are big game hunters sought the mastodon.

Paleo Indians in the Ohio River Valley [Adena village]

WOODLAND PERIOD IN NORTH AMERICA (10,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E.)

In the area that is now the United States, the Archaic Tradition develops in the Eastern Woodlands, with hunting, fishing, and gathering. In the desert regions, the Southwestern Tradition sees the domestication of corn (maize) and other crops. [pitted stone hammer | spear points | plummets | stone ground tools | pottery]
- Kentucky: Mammoth Cave National Park

MOUND BUILDERS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AREA

c. 2000 - 1500 B.C./B.C.E. - People in what is now the American Southeast first make pottery.
c. 1100 B.C./B.C.E. - The canoe comes into regular use among Native American people in the eastern and northeastern sections of the area that is now the United States.

c. 1000 B.C./B.C.E. - A.D./C.E. 1000 - In what is now the United States, mound building characterizes the Eastern and Midwestern native cultures. In the Southwest, Hohokam, Hohokam culture, Anasazi and Mogollan people build irrigation canals, agricultural villages, roads and complex ceremonial centers. On the Plains, people hunt buffalo on foot and live in fortified, semi-sedentary villages.
c. 1300 - 1600 - - The great Temple Mound or Middle Mississippi civilization flourishes. The highly agricultural civilization is characterized by separate republics, each having a central city, temple mounds and a chief's house. This is one of the greatest North American native civilizations. Several aspects seem to be of Mexican or Middle American origin. [ Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa | Angel Mounds, Indiana]
c. 200 B.C./B.C.E. - The HOPEWELL period begins for peoples of the central United States. Large earth mounds are constructed by various groups in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. (Meadowcroft | Newark Earthworks)
c. 500 - 900 - - The Tchefunte culture represents the beginning of complex material culture in the lower Mississippi Valley. The Tchefunte grow crops and make distinctive pottery.

c. 900 - 1300 - - The Copena civilization exists in what is now northern Alabama. Its advances include pottery, tools, metal and stone ornaments and more sophisticated agriculture.

Adena Culture (1000 B.C. in the Ohio Valley)[ Serpent Mound picture, Ohio]

Adena Culture rituals
- Poverty Point

ANASAZI * CULTURE * OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES (c. 700 - 1100)

c. 5000 B.C./B.C.E. - The Cochise * culture develops in what is now southern Arizona. The Cochise people grow vegetable crops.
c. 700 - 1100 - - The Anasazi culture evolves into its Pueblo * period. This is a developmental stage that sees the use of adobe bricks, stone slabs, or mud and sticks in home building. Kivas (underground ceremonial chambers) and cotton fabrics come into use. Around 900, the pueblo (Chaco Canyon * includes Pueblo * Bonito, Casa Rinconada (kiva), Chetro Ketl) structures in the American Southwest are constructed.
c. 1100 - - Hopis * in the American Southwest (Chaco Canyon * and Pueblo * Bonito), use coal for cooking and heating.
c. 1100 - 1300 - - The Pueblo culture (Anasazi *) in the northern Arizona and New Mexico area reaches its height (Pueblo * Bonito), with large apartment-type structures and many material goods.
c. 1150 - The pueblo of Oraibi (north-eastern Arizona) is founded, the oldest continuously occupied town in the present-day United States.
c. 1275 - - Many Southwest pueblos are abandoned due to drought and Athapaskan raiding parties from the north.
c. 1000 B.C./B.C.E. - New vegetable crops, probably from Mexico, are introduced to the Southwest tribes. These crops include beans and squash.
c. 1300 - - Hopis use coal for making pottery.

1600 - Members of the Franciscan order from Mexico establish missions in Hopi areas (now Arizona and New Mexico)

Anasazi Heritage Center, Colorado * - southwestern United States
Anasazi * - the people

RESOURCES FOR ANCIENT AMERICAN CULTURES - Mound Builders
(c. 1000 B.C./B.C.E. - A.D./C.E. 1000)

Tombs of the Ancient Americas by Bendick
Mounds of Earth and Shell by Shemie
Science of the Early Americas by Woods
Myths and the Mound Builders: The Mound Builders - A Reconstruction of the Life of a Prehistoric American Race (Prehistoric America) (video) (OCLN)

Talking Bones by Steele [Adena/Hopewell/Indian Knoll/Harmon's Creek](BPL)

OVERALL ONLINE NATIVE AMERICAN RESOURCES

Artists' Views * of Native Americans
Native Americans in Art *
George Catlin - Medicine Painter on the Upper Missouri River, 1832 - images *
Frederick Remington * (1861-1909) [Oregon Trail images * | Dash for the Timber * | Calvary Charge on the Southern Plains * | Stampede *]
Karl Bodmer * (1809-1893) [Images 1 | 2 | 3 ]
Alfred Jacob Miller * (1810-1874) [Images 1 | Trapping for Beaver * | Dispute with the Crows * | Interior of Fort Laramie *]
Charles Russell [Images - Hold Up * | Kit Carson and His Men *]
Charles Schreyvogel *
John Mix Stanley [Images 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | railroads ]
Images * of famous chiefs
Indigenous Peoples' Literature *
Native * Web alphabetical * nations listing
The Native Web - * Indigenous Peoples of the United States of America
National Museum of the American Indian *

Indian Removal Act * (1830) (see:973.552)

OVERALL NATIVE AMERICAN BOOKS

Hausman, Gerald. Turtle Island ABC: A Gathering of Native American Symbols. NY: HarperCollins, 1994. (unp.) [OVERALL NATIVE AMERICAN] (An alphabet book of traditional Native American symbols.)

INUIT (Alaska - Eskimos) and ALEUT * (Alaska) [.971] [ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC]

INUIT (Eskimo) - Subsistence source: Fish, sea mammals, caribou, moose

Baffin Island Eskimo (Sallumiut, Takamiut) - Subsistence source: Sea mammals
Caribou Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, caribou, moose
Copper Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, caribou, moose
Iglulik Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, caribou, moose
Labrador Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, caribou, moose
MacKenzie Eskimo - Subsistence source: Fish, sea mammals, caribou, moose
Netsilik Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, caribou, moose
North Alaska Eskimo (Kanianigmiut, Kobukmiut, Kugmiut, Natakmiut, Nunamiut, Point Hope, Selawikmiut, Utukokmiut) - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, caribou, moose
Polar Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals
St. Lawrence Island Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals
South Alaskan Eskimo - Subsistence source: Fish, sea mammals, caribou, moose
Southampton Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, caribou, moose
West Alaskan Eskimo (Kaviagmiut, Kinugmiut, Malemiut, Unaligmiut) - Subsistence source: Fish, sea mammals, caribou, moose

West Greenland Eskimo - Subsistence source: Sea mammals

ALEUTS - Subsistence source: Sea mammals, fish, berries

Unalaskans (Alaskan Peninsula and the eastern Aleutian Islands)
Atkans (western Aleutian groups of the Near, Rat, and Andreanof islands)

ATHAPASCAN (Alaska, Canada), HAIDAN (Queen Charlotte Islands), TLINGIT (Northwest Coast - Alaskan panhandle) [.972] [SUBARCTIC]

ATHAPASCAN

* in present-day Alaska and Canada - Subsistence source: caribou

Chipewyan - Subsistence source: caribou
Hupa - Subsistence source: Mix of animal and wild plant foods [NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA]
ATHAPASCAN SOUTHERN GROUP

NAVAJO (Athapascan Southern Group) - Subsistence source: Maize, wild plants, small game [SOUTHWEST]

1623 - 1626 - - Members of the Jemez Apache (NAVAJO) tribe war against Spaniards and Tiwas in the area of New Mexico.
Manuelito (1818?-1893)
1667 - 1680 - - Apache and Navajo groups begin continual warfare against Spanish forces in New Mexico. One valuable commodity is horses, which the Native American capture and trade to tribes to the north and east.
1675 - In New Mexico, tension grows between Pueblo Indians and Spaniards, who accuse the Pueblos of using witchcraft to kill several friars and colonists. Three Indians are hanged by the Spanish.
1680 - 1688 - Pope, a Pueblo Indian and medicine man, leads a sussessful revolt against Spanish colonists in New Mexico. About 2,000 Spanish and mestizo (a person of combined European and Native American ethnicity) colonists flee to El Paso and more than 400 are killed by Indians. Pope begins a campaign to eradicate Spanish cultural signs, disallowing the use of the Spanish language, and insisting that Indians baptized as Christian be bathed to reverse or negate the baptism.
1690 - 1720s - - The Apache Indians in Arizona and New Mexico are weakened as their eastern enemies - Pawnees, Wichitas, and other Caddoan tribes, acquire guns. Raids from the north by Utes and Comanches further hamper the Apache.

NAVAJO BOOK RESOURCES:

Begaye, Lisa Shook. Building a Bridge. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Pub., 1993. [NAVAJO] (On the first day of kindergarten, with the help of their teacher, a Navajo girl and a white girl learn to overlook their different appearances and become friends.)
Blood, Charles L. The Goat in the Rug. NY: Aladdin, 1990. (unp.) [NAVAJO] (Geraldine, a goat, describes each step as she and her Navajo friend make a rug, from the hair clipping and carding to the dyeing and actual weaving.)
Chanin, Michael. The Chief's Blanket. Tiburon, CA: H. J. Kramer Starseed Press, 1997. (unp.) [NAVAJO] (In the process of weaving her first Chief's Blanket, Flower After the Rain discovers the meaning of giving and receiving.)
Miles, Miska. Annie and the Old One. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971. (44 ps.) [NAVAJO] (A Navajo girl unravels a day's weaving on a rug whose completion, she believes, will mean the death of her grandmother.)
Roessel, Monty. Songs from the Loom: A Navajo Girl Learns to Weave. Minneapolis: Lerner Pub., 1995. (48 ps.) [ARIZONA - KAYENTA]

Apache (Athapascan Southern Group) (nomadic) - Subsistence source: Wild plants, small game [SOUTHWEST] (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas)

Chiricahuna Apache

c. 1350 - Tuzigoot pueblo, in what is now northern Arizona, is abandoned and the land is occupied by Yavapai and/or Western Apache people.
1400 - The last pueblo community in southern Arizona, Casa Grande, is abandoned, due in part to Apache raids.
1540 - 1542 - Francisco Vasquez de Coronado traveled across the southwest looking for the Seven Cities of Cibola finding Zuni pueblos. [Utes * | maps * | 1868 * map | Colorado * reservation | code breakers]
1637 - 1641 - - Spaniards in New Mexico raid Ute villages for the purpose of acquiring slave labor. Many Utes escape, bringing Spanish horses with them.
1692 - 1696 - - Diego de Vargas leads the Spanish reconquest of the Pueblo region of the American Southwest. The Pueblos try again to revolt but are subdued. Only the distant Hopi and non-Pueblo tribes such as the Navajo and Apache continue to elude Spanish rule.
1700 - 1724 - - The Ute * [*] and Comanche tribes become allies against Apaches, Pueblos, and Spaniards in northern New Mexico. Ute-Comanche raids probably are a factor in splitting the Apache tribe into northern Kiowa * and southern Jicarilla-Lipan branches. Utes later become allies to the Jicarilla Apaches.
Chief Mangus Colorado
Cochise (1812?-1874)
Geronimo *, (Goyathlay) (1829-1909) led wars as a leader. He was constantly being captured and escaping from the United States troops. In 1885, he surrendered and went to live in Fort Sill, Oklahoma in 1894.

Kiowa Apache - (Colorado and Oklahoma plains as far north as Wyoming)
Mescalero Apache

TLINGIT and HAIDA * in Alaska [NORTHWEST COAST] - Subsistence source: caribou

Tlingit * of the Northwest - Subsistence source: salmon

ALGONKIUN * (ALGONQUIN) [.973] - Subsistence source: maize [NORTHEAST - eastern area]

Abneki tongue - Subsistence source: hunting, maize [NORTHEAST]

Abneki * history, culture *, and timeline *. Native settlements in northern New England. *
Abneki language *
Story of False Face *

Blackfoot * (Siksika) tongue - Subsistence source: Large game, buffalo [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Northern Montana and southern Alberta)

"The Medicine Man" and hunting on horseback themes depicted by Charles M. Russell (1919) with paint

Cheyenne * tongue - Subsistence source: buffalo [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Black Hills area, South Dakota and surrounding areas)

Red Cloud (Mahpiua Luta) * (1822-1909) fought to keep white settlers out of his territory in the 1860s. He kept a fort * under siege for two years in 1866. In 1868 *, the U. S. declared the land to the Sioux tribe. (Oglala Sioux *)
Black Kettle Museum *, Battle of the Washita, Cheyenne, Oklahoma
Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe *

Chickahominy - Subsistence source: Maize [NORTHEAST]
Chippewa * (Ojibwa) tongue * (Chippewa) tongue - Subsistence source: Game, fish, wild rice [CANADIAN SHIELD: Quebec, Ontario, Minnesota, Michigan, surrounding areas]

c. 1500 - Part of the Ojibwa * (Chippewa) tribe migrates from the Atlantic coast to the southern shore of Lake Superior. At about this time, the Ojibwa, Potawatomi, Algonquin, and Ottawa develop separate tribal identities [How Dogs * Came to the Indians]
1660 - The Ojibwa (Chippewa) now have firearms. They migrate west into the Mississippi Valley, driving the Sioux south and west.
1695 - Chief Chingcabee of the Ojibwa tribe (Great Lakes region) travels to Quebec seeking French assistance against the Sauk and Fox.

Cree tongue - Subsistence source: Caribou, moose [SUBARCTIC] (Saskatchewan and Manitoba)
Delaware * and * tongue (Lenni-Lenape) - Subsistence source: Maize [NORTHEAST] (New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia)

1682 - When land was sold to William Penn and William * Penn's treaty with the Delawares was created *, a time of * cooperation between Quakers and Native Americans began.
1794 - Defeated by Mad Anthony Wayne in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio
1829 - moved to eastern Kansas and then south to Indian Territory

Illinois * - (Subgroups: Cahokia, Kaskakia, Michigamea, Moingwena, Peoria, Tamaroa) Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (Illinois)
Kickapoo tongue - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (Wisconsin)
Mascouten - Subsistence source: Mix of hunting and wild plants [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES]
Massachuset * - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (Massachusetts)

Native peoples of * Massachusetts * - Their chiefs Chickataubut * (sub-tribe: Wampatuck and Obatinnewat (Obtakiest); Nanepashemet (sub-tribes: Winnepurkit, Wonohaquaham, and Montowampate); Manatahqua; Cato; Nahaton; and Cutshamakin (Cutshamequin, Kutchamakin) and their villages - Agawam, Conohasset, Magaehnak, Massachuset, Mattapoist, Mishawum, Mystic, Nahapassumkeck, Nasnocomacack, Natick *, Neponset *, Nonantum, Patuxent, Pocapawmet, Sagoquas, Saugus, Secacasaw (Seccasaw), Topeent, Totant, Totheet, Waranock, Wessagusset, and Winnisimmet and Praying Indian * villages at Cowate, Magaehnak, Natick, Pequimmit, Punkapog *, and Titicut, and Wannamanhut.

Menomini * tongue - Subsistence source: Mix of animal and wild plant foods, expecially wild rice [NORTHEAST] (northern Wisconsin)
Miami * - Subsistence source: Maize [NORTHEAST] (Illinois, Wisconsin)

Chief Little Turtle (1747?-1812) and his forces defeated General Josiah Harmar's troops in battle. He was defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 by General Mad Anthony Wayne. *

Micmac * tongue - Subsistence source: Caribou, moose, fish [NORTHEAST] (Canadian Maritimes, northern Maine)

1613 - French colonists offer the Micmac tribe a bounty on scalps of Beothuk tribesmen. As a result, the Beothuks are virtually annihilated.

Mohegan * (Mohican) * - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHEAST] (Connecticut)

1626 - Mahicans and their Dutch allies march against the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and are defeated. As a result of this defeat, Fort Orange (Albany, New York) is largely abandoned by the Dutch, except for a small military force.
1640 - The beaver population is decimated in Iroquois country, and the Five Nations do not have enough furs to trade for what they need from the Dutch.
Chief Uncas * (1588?-1683?) assisted the English settlers in the Connecticut River area. He joined the English against the Pequot Indians in 1637. The Mohegans * defeated the Narragansett tribe in 1643. Fought the Mohawk, Narragansett and other tribes in 1648.
1672 - Colonial postal clerks use Native American couriers between New York City and Albany due to their endurance in cold weather.
1681 - 1682 - - Nanagoucy, a Mahican leader, travels among the Ohio country tribes advocating an intertribal confederacy.

Narragansett * - Subsistence source: Fish, maize [NORTHEAST] (Rhode Island)

1524 - Giovanni da Verrazano * (1485?-1528?) [image] left France seeking a westward route to Cathay and reached Cape Fear (North Carolina), New York Bay, Block Island, Narragansett * Bay. [Verrazano Narrows * Bridge south of New York Bay] (Wampanoag * and Narragansett * contact)
1633 - In New England, a smallpox epidemic kills hundreds of members of the Narragansett tribe.
1643 - The Narragansett War against the New England colonies ends with the capitulation of the Narragansett Indians.
Miantonomo (1565?-1643) *
Canonicus *
Quaiapen, * Woman sachem of the Narragansetts (1676)

NARRAGANSETT BOOK RESOURCES:

Koller, Jackie French. Nickommoh!: A Thanksgiving Celebration. NY: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 1999. (unp.) [NARRAGANSETT - RHODE ISLAND] (Describes a typical Narragansett Nickommoh, or harvest celebration, as it has been performed since before the arrival of the first Pilgrims in New England.)

Nipmuc * - Subsistence source: Hunting, fish, maize [NORTHEAST] (central Massachusetts)
Ojibwa * (Chippewa) tongue - How Dogs * Came to the Indians [NORTHEAST - Great Lakes region]
Ottawa * - Subsistence source: Fish,wild game, wild rice [NORTHEAST] (Northern Great Lakes country)

Pontiac (1720?-1769)tried to unite the Great Lakes area of Ohio and the Mississippi Valleys to maintain Indian control of those areas. During the French and Indian War * (1754-1763), he led his tribe in fighting with the French against the British. The British under Jeffrey Amherst used * smallpox * blankets as a weapon.
1700 - English traders in the Mississippi Valley incite the Quapaw Indians to raid neighboring tribes to acquire slaves.
1700 - 1709 - - War, dispossession, and disease cause a considerable decline in the population of Atlantic coast Indians.

Pennacook * - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (New Hampshire)
Penobscott tongue - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (Maine)
Pequot * - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (Connecticut)

1637 - Continued conflict between the warlike Pequot * tribe and encroaching European colonists in Connecticut erupts into open warfare * called the * Pequot War after the Pequot murder English trader, John Oldham and threaten to wipe out the new colonies on the Connecticut River. Colonial forces led by John * Mason and John Underhill attack the Pequot's central village with the aid of other Native Americans under Uncas and Miantomo, killing nearly 500 Native Americans. A handful of Pequot, including Chief * Sassacus, escape, but their group is intercepted by English forces near Fairfield. Most of the Indians are killed, though a few are forced into slavery. Sassacus again escapes but is executed by members of the Mohawk tribe.
1700 - 1709 - War, dispossession, and disease cause a considerable decline in the population of Atlantic coast Indians.

Pocasset

Weetamo, Queen Sachem (1600s)

Potawatomi * - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (Wisconsin)

In 1835, after convincing his tribe that they could not survive while surrounded on all sides by Americans, Wabaunsee * (c. 1780-c. 1840) went to * Washington D.C., and signed a treaty. The treaty gave away the remainder of the Potawatomi ancestral lands to the government in exchange for lands westward, near Council Bluffs on the Missouri River.

Powhatan * - Subsistence source: Maize [NORTHEAST] (Virginia and Maryland)

Powhatan (Wa-hun-sen-a-cawh) (?-1618) and the Powhatan Confederacy of 30 tribes [images 1][language *]
Pocahontas *, (Matoaka) (Rebecca Rolfe) (1595-1617), as the daughter of Algonquin * Chief Powhatan (Virginia * Indian), saved John Smith's life when she was 12 years old. She later married the Virginia Englishman, John Rolfe of Jamestown. Mother of Thomas Rolfe who became an important Virginia settler.
The Governor John White * colony at Roanoke Island, Virginia [drawings1 2]
1622 - 1631 - - In the first Powhatan War, Chief Opechancanough * lead the 32 Tidewater-area tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy against European colonists at Jamestown, Virginia. The conflict * ravages the area of the Chickahominy tribe and ends without a decisive victory.
1627 - Carib * natives, brought to Virginia as slaves, flee to the tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy.
1644 -1646 - - -In the Second Powhatan War, Opechancanough, aged chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, again leads his warriors agains English colonists. Initially successful, the Powhatans are eventually driven back by superior English numbers and weapons. Opechancanough is captured and killed.
1700 - 1709 - War, dispossession, and disease cause a considerable decline in the population of Atlantic coast Indians.

Sac (Sauk) and Fox tongues - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (Wisconsin River)

Black Hawk * (Makataimeshekiakiak) * (1767-1838) [Image* by John Wesley Jarvis, 1835]

Shawnee tongue - [SOUTHEAST] (Cumberland Basin of the Tennessee River)

1683 - 1690s - - The Shawnee of the Savannah River (Georgia) dominate trade with European American colonists in South Carolina, acquiring firearms in exchange for furs and enslaved Indians captured in raids on other tribes.
Chief Tecumseh (Tecumtha) (1765?-1813) and his brother, * Tenskwatawa * fought ** a battle * against William Henry Harrison * at Tippecanoe * on November 7, 1811.

Seconet

Awashonks * (1671) - Queen Sachem involved in King Philip area

Wampanoag * (Pokanoket) * - Subsistence source: Fish, cultivated plants [NORTHEAST] (Narragansett Bay area)[* timeline] [native people * of Massachusetts]

Tisquantum * (Squanto) [Patuxet] - (1585?-1622) was kidnapped in 1614 by Captain Thomas Hunt along with 24 other Indians and taken to Malaga, Spain to be sold as a slave. He made his way back to his homeland only to find that disease * had wiped out his Patuxet tribe.
Samoset * (1590?-1655) * [Pemaquid] served as an interpreter * for the Pilgrims with Squanto.
1621 - In New England, Wampanoag Chief * Massasoit * (1580?-1661) befriends * English colonists and cedes land to the Pilgrims as he made a treaty with Governor John Carver of Plymouth.
John Sassamon * assisted John Eliot in the translation of the Bible. Assistant to King Philip. * Killed by King Philip and a trial * held for his murder. Concerned * that colonists were taking too much land, he prepared to fight * them in a war which began in 1675 that almost wiped out the English settlements. He was hunted down in Rhode Island in 1676. King Philip's War Club *
1675 - 1676 - - In King Philip's War, Metacomet * (also called King * Philip) (?-1676), attempts to unite the New England tribes against English encroachment. The son of Massasoit, he became chief in 1662. The "praying Indians" of New England, converts of John Eliot (1646) are caught in the middle of this bloody fight and are virtually annihilated. The war ends with the defeat of the Indians. Metacomet is killed and dismembered and his wife and son are separated and sold as slaves to the West Indies.
Wampanoag Hobbamock Village * (1627) - a virtual tour (see: 917.4446 for Plymouth, MA)
Thanksgiving in American History *

Yurok * tongue - Subsistence source: Mix of animal and wild plant food, fish [CALIFORNIA] (Lower Klamath River)

MUSKOGEAN [.973] - Subsistence source: maize [SOUTHEAST]

Choctaw * tongue - Subsistence source: Maize, fish [SOUTHEAST] (Mississippi)

Image * of "Ball-play of the Choctaw-Ball Up", 1834-1835 - George Catlin

Chickasaw * tongue - Subsistence source: Maize [SOUTHEAST] (Mississippi)

1538-1543 - Hernando de Soto (1500?-1542) - sailed from Spain to Florida marching for four years with his army through southeastern North America and crossing the Appalachian Mountains, exploring Mobile Bay, the Yazoo Delta, and Oklahoma and dying along the way while his group went on down the Mississippi River across the Gulf of Mexico to Rio Panuco. He establishes the first contacts with several Muskogean tribes, and with the powerful Cherokees. De Soto leads the first armed conflict of Europeans against Native Americans, in what is now Alabama. [see: Trail of * Tears, 1838]
Indian Removal Act * of 1830

Creek * tongue (Muskoke) - [SOUTHEAST] (Georgia and Alabama)

Red Eagle (William Weatherford) (1780-1822) organized the Creek tribe but was beat in the War of 1814.
During the American Revolution, under emperor Alexander McGillivray, they allied themselves with the English
1813 - In the summer of 1813 *, during the Creek * War, the Creeks attacked Fort Mims in Alabama.
1814 - After the battle of Horseshoe * Bend, the Creeks surrendered * to Major General Andrew Jackson.
1825 - Menawa *, the "Crazy War Hunter" * from his bravery at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, led a raiding party which killed Chief William * McIntosh because of his conciliatory efforts to the English. In 1825, the Treaty of Indian Springs * was signed.

Seminole * tongue - Subsistence source: Mix of wild and cultivated food sources [SOUTHEAST] (Florida)

Billy Bowlegs * (Holata Micco) (ca. 1810-ca. 1864) was involved in the Third Seminole War *. He had served * in the Union Army during the Civil War. [image *]
Image - "Co-ee-ha-jo, a Chief" - 1938 (Smithsonian American Art Museum) - George Catlin

CADDOAN [.973] [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Texas, Oklahoma, North Dakota)

Caddo * language - Subsistence source: maize [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Texas)

Caddoan * cultures in Red and Arkansas river valleys of Oklahoma and Texas and parts of Arkansas and Louisiana
Conflict with DeSoto in 1541
1690 - 1720s - - The Apache Indians in Arizona and New Mexico are weakened as their eastern enemies - Pawnees, Wichitas, and other Caddoan tribes, acquire guns. Raids from the north by Utes and Comanches further hamper the Apache.
Council Springs Treaty (1846) acknowledges the United States government as their protector

Wichita * language - Subsistence source: Maize [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Oklahoma, Texas)
Pawnee * language - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Nebraska)
Arikara * language - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Missouri River and along the border of North and South Dakota)

IROQUOIAN [.973] * [EASTERN AND CENTRAL] (New York State)
- Subsistence source: Beans, maize, squash and wild animals

Iroquois * - Subsistence source: Beans, maize, squash and wild animals

1390 - The Great Binding * Law is proclaimed by Huron * prophet Deganawidah, establishing the Five (later Six) Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The five original nations are the Oneida, Onondaga, Mohawk, Seneca, and Cayuga. Some sources date the founding of the confederacy in the mid-1500s.
1560 - 1570 - - The leaders of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondago, Oneida, and Mohawk tribes, after a period of internal warfare, unite and establish the Iroquois Confederacy (League of the Iroquois, or Five Nations). Some sources indicate that Confederacy was founded with The Great Binding Law of 1390.
1609 - Samuel de Champlain (1567?-1635), with a party that includes 2 Frenchmen and about 60 Native Americans, heads down the St. Lawrence River. Near Ticonderoga, his group encounters approximately 200 Iroquois. The Iroquois, who have never seen firearms, flee.
1693 - A large party of Iroquois is defeated at the St. Joseph River (central Michigan) by French troops.

Cayuga
Mohawk

1676 - Mohawk girl, Catherine (Kateri) Tekakwitha, converts to Catholicism at age of 20, baptized by Jesuits, and later becomes the first known Native American nun. [image of "Lily of the Mohawks" *]
Theyanoguin * (King Henrick), Mohawk statesman, supported the British in the French and Indian Wars.
Joseph Brant * (Thayendanegea) (1742-1807) fought in the American Revolution on the side of the British. He served as a missionary and translated the prayer book. [images * by George Romney, 1776, and Gilbert Stuart, 1786]
1730s conflict with the British *

Swamp, Chief Jake. Giving Thanks: A Native American Good Morning Message. NY: Lee & Low, 1995. (24 ps.) [MOHAWK] (Drawing on Six Nation (Iroquois) ceremonial tradition, the text speaks concise thanks to Mother Earth, to water, grass fruits, animals, to the wind and rain, sun, moon and stars, to the Spirit Protectors of our past and present, ``for showing us ways to live in peace and harmony,'' )

Onandago

1657 - Following a peace treaty with the Iroquois, a group of French colonists leaves Montreal and winters in Onondaga country (upstate New York).

Oneida * and *
Seneca (New York)

Red Jacket * (Otetiani) (1750?-1830) and his tribe aided the British during the American Revolution.

Tuscarora - Subsistence source: Maize [SOUTHEAST] (eastern North Carolina *)
Wyandot * (Huron) - Subsistence source: Maize [NORTHEAST] (northeast of Lake Huron)

1609 - French forces accompany a war party of Wyandots (Hurons) and Algonquins to Lake Champlain for an attack against the Mohawks. The Wyandot and Algonquin party is successful, and several Mohawk leaders are killed. [Huron contact 1611 * wampum * belt | 1635 Father Jean de Brebeuf * letter of trading relations]
1615 - Champlain's French and Huron forces at Lake Oneida suffer a major defeat, causing many Hurons to question the wisdom of their alliance with the French.
1615 - 1630s - - The Hurons (Wyandots) have a vast trading * network. Graves from this period show goods from Mexico, the Gulf coast and the Minnesota River areas.
1620s - 1636 - - At its height, the Huron Confederacy has 30,000 to 35,000 people. Two allied tribes include the Wyandot or Tobacco Nation (15,000) and the Attiwandaronk or Neutral Nation (12,000). This alliance dominates the native trade in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region.
1622 - 1631 - - French Jesuits begin missionary work among the Hurons. The Iroquois react violently to these activities by torturing and killing several missionaries and eventually destroying the Huron Confederacy.
1635 - By this date, beavers are virtually eliminated in Huron country.
1640 - The beaver population is decimated in Iroquois country, and the Five Nations do not have enough furs to trade for what they need from the Dutch.
1660 - 1670 - - Wyandots and Ottawas establish a trade with French colonists. By 1670 there are 50 tribal villages on the bay.

Erie - Subsistence source: [NORTHEAST] (Pennsylvania, New York, Oklahoma)

1653 - 1656 - - The Erie tribe is virtually annihilated by the Iroquois.

Cherokee * - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [IROQUOIAN LANGUAGE] [SOUTHEAST] (Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee)

Contact with DeSoto in 1540 at their Echota capital near present-day Madisonville, Tennessee
1808 - Chief Charles Hicks documented the Cherokee legal code
1808 - Sequoya * (Si-kwayi) (Alabaman Cherokee) (1760?-1843) developed an 85 character alphabet after 12 years of work. In 1828, he was a representative of the western tribes in Washington, D.C. after they were forced to move to Indian Territory in the 1830s. Sequoia trees are named for him.
Osceola (1800-1838) led the Seminoles to their second war in 1835, with an uprising that killed an Indian agent.
1828 - Cherokee-Phoenix (bilingual newspaper) published at New Echota
Cherokee: Georgia * Trail of Tears * (1838 *): Cherokee [map *] Indians begin walk from Georgia to Oklahoma (see:973.572)
Student challenge * focusing on Trail of Tears`
1838-1839 - Chief John Ross (1790-1866) forced to give up lands and to be moved to new lands in Indian Territory
John Ross (1790-1866) allied the Cherokee with the Confederate States of America in 1861.

UTO-AZTECAN/TANOAN [Mexico, Central America - SOUTHWESTERN USA]
and PENUTIAN [CALIFORNIA] [.974] - Subsistence source: Small game

UTO-AZTECAN [SOUTHWEST - Great Basin]

Arapaho * tongue - Subsistence source: Large game, buffalo [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota)

Chief Powder Face
Chief Little Raven (Hosa) signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty in Octobe 1867
Ghost Dance ritual (1890)

Pueblo - Subsistence source: Wild plants, maize, small game [SOUTHWEST] (New Mexico) (Hopi and Zuni are related pueblo-dwelling tribes of a different linguistic group)

1400 - The last pueblo community in southern Arizona, Casa Grande, is abandoned, due in part to Apache raids.
Spanish contact in 1540 with Francisco Vasquez deCoronado searching for seven cities of gold.

Shoshone * - Subsistence source: Mix of animal and wild plant foods [SOUTHWEST - Great Basin] (Colorado, Idaho, Nevado, Utah, Wyoming)

Sacagawea (Bird Woman) (1787?-1812)
Washakie (1804?-1900) was friendly to white people and made war against his Indian neighbors. In the 1840s, he helped immigrants moving west on the Oregon Trail. In the 1850s, he aided Mormons in the Utah Territory. In 1876, He sent warriors as scouts for U. S. troops against the Sioux. He spent his later life trying to negotiate lands and rights for his people.

Comanche - Subsistence source: Buffalo, other game [PLAINS AND PRAIRIE] (northern Texas)

Image - "Comanche Village, Women Dressing Robes and Drying Meat", 1834-1835 - (Smithsonian American Art Museum) George Catlin
1834 - Ishacoly (Traveling Wolf) and Tabequeva (Sun Eagle) made contact with Colonel Henry Dodge of the U. S. Army.
Gold rush and annexation of Texas brought many people through their territory and caused friction. Santa Fe Trail raids in 1864 pitted them against Christopher Kit Carson.
Quanah Parker (1845-1911) was the son of Chief Nokoni and Cynthia Ann Parker, a white woman who had been kidnapped as a child in Texas and had grown up with the Comanche. In 1875, he led his people against white settlers to stop the slaughter of buffalo. He moved his band of followers to a reservation near Fort Hill in what is now Oklahoma.

Hopi * - Subsistence source: Maize, wild plants [SOUTHWEST] (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico) [Pueblo]
Kiowa * - Subsistence source: Buffalo [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES]

1700 - 1724 - - The Ute * [*] and Comanche tribes become allies against Apaches, Pueblos, and Spaniards in northern New Mexico. Ute-Comanche raids probably are a factor in splitting the Apache tribe into northern Kiowa * and southern Jicarilla-Lipan branches. Utes later become allies to the Jicarilla Apaches.
Texas Kiowa *
Sitting Bear, a Kiowa Chief, was killed escaping in 1871

Paiute * - Subsistence source: Wild plants, small game [GREAT BASIN] (Utah, Nevada, California, Arizona)

Pre-contact California tribal territories * maps

Shoshone (Shoshoni) * - Subsistence source: Mix of animal and wild plant foods [GREAT BASIN] (Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Nevada)
Ute - Subsistence source: Large game [GREAT BASIN] (eastern Utah, western Colorado, northern New Mexico)

TANOAN

Zuni * - Subsistence source: Maize [SOUTHWEST][Rio Grande, New Mexico, Arizona] [Pueblo]

1581 - In their exploration of New Mexico, Spanish explorers visit Zuni and Piro pueblos. The Pueblo Indians attack and kill those coming to convert them.

PENUTIAN

Chinook - Northwestern United States coast) [NORTHWEST]
1578 - 1579 - - English adventurer, Francis Drake, explores the California coast, where he encounters the Coast Miwok, a Penutian tribe of north-central California, who occupy a large part of the region that is now Marin and Sonoma counties.

SIOUAN, YUMAN, POMO (.975)

SIOUAN [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES]

Catawba - Subsistence source: Maize [SOUTHEAST] (southern South Carolina)

1585 - image * of a Carolina native village

Crow - Subsistence source: Buffalo and other game [PLAINS AND PRAIRIE] (Knife River, North Dakota, Montana)

Chief Plenty Coups (1848-1932) led his forces alongside the U. S. Army and Colonel George Armstrong Custer * against the Sioux led by Sitting Bull *, Crazy Horse, and other Cheyenne leaders. Custer was defeated at the Battle of Little * Big Horn * in 1876.
Fort * Laramie Treaty of 1868 * consolidated them onto a reservation in southeastern Montana.

Winnebago * - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [NORTHEAST] (western shore of Lake Michigan)
Osage - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Kansas)

Maria Tallchief (1925-) was a ballerina in a dance company.

Dakota (Sioux) (Lakota, Nakota, Otchente Chakowin) - Subsistence source: Buffalo [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] [Images*]

c. 1600 - In the area that is now North Dakota, several Native American groups begin migrating to new homes. The Cheyenne move to the Sheyenne River valley; the Kidatsa migrate westward to the Missouri River; and the Sioux migrate out of the Minnesota woodlands onto the Plains [see: 1800s * Sioux * timeline]
Sitting Bull * (Tatanka Iyotake) (1834?-1890)
Crazy Horse (Ta-sunko-witko) (1844-1877) fought Custer in 1876 and won.
Chief Joseph (In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat) (1840-1904) [Nez Perce*] led a retreat through Idaho and Montana in 1877. He spent most of his life fighting wars.
Sioux milestones * in the Dakotas (1800-present)
The Battle of Wounded Knee, * South Dakota, the last major Sioux and US Army battle (see: 978.3)

Rappaport, Doreen. The Flight of Red Bird. NY: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1997. [YANKTON - NAKOTA - SIOUX] (South Dakota) (Experiences of Yankton Indian woman, Red Bird, through her own reminiscences, letters, speeches, and stories of the late 19th and early 20th centuries)
Mitchell, Barbara. Red Bird. NY: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 1996. [NANTICOKE HERITAGE] (Katie, also known as Red Bird, joins her family and other Indians at the annual powwow in southern Delaware near Millboro, DE. , where they celebrate their Nanticoke heritage with music, dancing, and special foods.)

Assiniboin (Stoney) - Subsistence source: {PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (western Saskatchewan)
Mandan - Subsistence source: Hunting, maize, pumpkins, squash [PLAINS AND PRAIRIES] (Missouri River, central North Dakota)

Charles Bird King * is best known for his portraits of the Native American dignitaries who came to Washington to confer with government officials. "A History of the Indian Tribes of North America" between 1836 and 1844, featured portraits by King and other artists, along with biographies of the subjects. [Images 1 *]
George Carlin (1796-1872) * visited * the Mandan in 1832 and kept papers * on his travels. [Images of his month long study 1 | 22 | 3*]

YUMAN [.975] [SOUTHWEST] [southeastern California, Colorado River Valley)
- Subsistence source: Maize and other cultivated plants [Images* : Lure of the West

YUMAN

Cocopa - Subsistence source: Wild plants, small game, maize [SOUTHWEST] (southeastern California)
Havasupai * - Subsistence source: Wild plants, maize [SOUTHWEST] (Arizona - Grand Canyon area)
Kamia - Subsistence source: Acorns [SOUTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA] (San Diego)
Maricopa - Subsistence source: Wild plants, maize [SOUTHWEST] (southeastern California)
Mohave (Mojave) - Subsistence source: Wild and cultivated plants [SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA]
Yavapi (Yavapai) - Subsistence source: Wild plants, small game [SOUTHWEST]
Yuma * - Subsistence source: Maize and other cultivated plants [SOUTHWEST] (southeastern California, Colorado River valley)

POMO [.975] [NORTHERN CALIFORNIA] (Russian River; north of San Francisco Bay)
- Subsistence source: Mix of animal and wild plant foods, expecially acorns

MANGUE, MIXTEC, POPOLOCH, ZAPOTEC (.976)

MATAGALPAN, MISKITO, SUMO (.978)

OTHER NORTH AMERICAN AND MIDDLE AMERICAN NATIVE PEOPLES (.979)

BEOUTHUKAN (Newfoundland)
KLAMATH-SAHAPTIN [GREAT BASIN] (northeastern Oregon)

Cayuse

MOSAN

Chimakuan

SALISHAN - Subsistence source: fish

Chehalis
Chelan
Chemakum
Chinook * - Subsistence source: Fish, game (Northwestern United States coast) [NORTHWEST]

Contact with explorer John Meares who arrived at Willapa Bay in 1788
John Wesley Powell's survey found 500 Chinook left in 1885

Bella Coola * - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COAST] (British Columbia)

Contact with Sir Alexander MacKenzie in July 1793

Keallam
Coeur d'Alene - Subsistence source: Large game [GREAT BASIN] (Northern Idaho)
Colville - Subsistence source: Fish, game [GREAT BASIN] (Northern Washington and southern British Columbia)
Lummi - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COUAST] (Puget Sound)
Nisqualli - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COAST] (southern Puget Sound, Washington)
Okanogan (Okinagan, Okanagan) - Subsistence source: Large game [GREAT BASIN] (Southern British Columbia)
Samish - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COAST] (Puget Sound, Washington)
Spokan (Spokane) - Subsistence source: Fish, large game [GREAT BASIN] (eastern Washington)
Tillamook - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COAST] (northwestern Oregon coast)

WAKASHAN linguistic group

Makah - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COAST]
Nootka - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COAST] (Vancouver Island, British Columbia)
Kwakiutl - Subsistence source: Fish [NORTHWEST COAST] (central British Columbia)

NEW PUBLICATION AVAILABLE - From Caravels to the Constitution by Marjorie Duby.
at Creative Teaching Press.
Content: Blackline masters - Using word searches, hidden messages, analogies, anagrams, and creative puzzles, students will learn about history while they apply critical-thinking skills. This resource provides students with opportunities to organize and analyze information and to draw conclusions. Extension activities promote practical, informative, narrative, and expository writing skills to help meet the standards. 112 pages [LW405 - From Caravels to the Constitution - $13.99]

As of December 4, 2003, you are visitor to use this timeline.
[Inquiry Unlimited * | Our Grade 5 classroom was formerly sited at http://lee.boston.k12.ma.us/d4/D4.html | Looney Lobster * | Eureka * | Revolutionary Period Index *
Last modified: August 25, 2014.
Copyright 2000. All rights reserved.
This website and its contents were compiled and arranged by Marjorie Duby using other websites, almanacs, and chronologies focusing on 17th century American history, but using "The Peopling of America: A Timeline of Events that Helped Shape Our Nation" as the framework.

Disclaimer: The staff of Inquiry Unlimited attempts to provide appropriate, informative educational links. We check and update links frequently. We cannot be responsible for the content, use of, or quality of materials on any website other than our own. To the best of our knowledge, graphics on this site are public domain. If you find otherwise, please notify us and we will remove them immediately.